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Electric-vehicle battery lithium and cobalt supply chains

Latest development

Indonesia sulfur shortages and policy costs cut battery-feed output and lift nickel prices

Key takeaways

  • Congo’s quota and reserve system is making cobalt availability depend more on state-managed release timing than on mine output alone.
  • Argentina, Chile and Australia show that lithium diversification is advancing, but financing, approvals and processing economics still determine how quickly supply reaches battery markets.
  • Indonesia’s sulfur and nickel-policy constraints show that battery supply-chain risk can come from processing inputs and chemistry substitution, not only from lithium and cobalt mines.

Timeline